Indian Bug Is The Ancestor Of Crohn's Disease Pathogen

Source:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071002213435.htm

Science Daily — An Indian team of researchers led by Seyed E. Hasnain of the Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), University of Hyderabad, India has found that a seemingly unknown mycobacterial organism Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) could be the earliest ancestor of the 'generalist' branch of mycobacterial pathogens.
The 'generalist' bacteria infect anything from cockroaches to human and are capable of surviving in soil and water as against human adapted 'specialists' such as tubercle and leprosy bacilli. TB, a disease that killed about 1.7 million humans last year alone, is caused by a member of the Mycobacterial family of pathogens.
The finding further suggests that the prominent 'generalist' pathogen M. avium which seriously haunts AIDS patients, together with its close associate M. avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the agent of Crohn's disease in humans and Johne's disease in cattle descended from the MIP. It was also found that the MIP and the MAP bacilli initially inhabited water bodies and infected marine organisms predated by fishes finally arriving on soil through bird-droppings.
The MIP bacilli, also called as Mycobacterium w (Mw) were first isolated in India by G. P. Talwar at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, in eighties and it is currently used, after an extensive and perhaps the largest clinical trial in the world, as an immunotherapeutic against leprosy in India.
The success with MIP based leprosy vaccine has led to human clinical evaluations of MIP in interventions against HIV-AIDS, psoriasis and bladder cancer in India. MIP, commercially available as 'Immuvac', is currently the focus of advanced multi-centric phase III clinical trials for its antituberculosis efficacy.
The comparative genomics study based on complete sequence of the MIP organism published in PLoS One reports observations based on the first ever whole genome sequencing project from India, carried out jointly by the ILS, the Centre for DNA fingerprinting and Diagnostics also at Hyderabad and the University of Delhi.
The study provides an important evolutionary basis for the acquisition and optimization of virulence in mycobacteria and determinants of boundaries therein. Similarly these efforts constitute a step forward in understanding the role of non-pathogenic and saprophytic mycobacteria in immunomodulation and in triggering innate immune responses. The study advocates exploitation of genetic similarity between MIP and MAP as a plausible advantage for therapeutic intervention against Crohn's and Johne's diseases.
Citation: Ahmed N, Saini V, Raghuvanshi S, Khurana JP, Tyagi AK, et al (2007) Molecular Analysis of a Leprosy Immunotherapeutic Bacillus Provides Insights into Mycobacterium Evolution. PLoS ONE 2(10): e968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000968
Note: This story has been adapted from material provided by Public Library of Science.

Fausto Intilla
www.oloscience.com

New Method Can Reveal Ancestry Of All Genes Across Many Different Genomes

Source:

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070911155206.htm

Science Daily — The wheels of evolution turn on genetic innovation -- new genes with new functions appear, allowing organisms to grow and adapt in new ways. But deciphering the history of how and when various genes appeared, for any organism, has been a difficult and largely intractable task.

Now a team led by scientists at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has broken new ground by developing a method, described in the September 6 advance online edition of Nature, that can reveal the ancestry of all genes across many different genomes. First applied to 17 species of fungi, the approach has unearthed some surprising clues about why new genes pop up in the first place and the biological nips and tucks that bolster their survival.
"Having the ability to trace the history of genes on a genomic scale opens the doors to a vast array of interesting and largely unexplored scientific questions," said senior author Aviv Regev, an assistant professor of biology at MIT and a core member of the Broad Institute. Although the principles laid out in the study pertain to fungi, they could have relevance to a variety of other species as well.
It has been recognized for decades that new genes first arise as carbon copies of existing genes. It is thought that this replication allows one of the gene copies to persist normally, while giving the other the freedom to acquire novel biological functions. Though the importance of this so-called gene duplication process is well appreciated -- it is the grist for the mill of evolutionary change -- the actual mechanics have remained murky, in part because scientists have lacked the tools to study it systematically.
Driven by the recent explosion of whole genome sequence data, the authors of the new study were able to assemble a natural history of more than 100,000 genes belonging to a group of fungi known as the Ascomycota. From this, the researchers gained a detailed view of gene duplication across the genomes of 17 different species of fungi, including the laboratory model Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's yeast.
The basis for the work comes from a new method termed "SYNERGY", which first author Ilan Wapinski and his coworkers developed to help them reconstruct the ancestry of each fungal gene. By tracing a gene's lineage through various species, the method helps determine in which species the gene first arose, and if -- and in what species -- it became duplicated or even lost altogether. SYNERGY draws its strength from the use of multiple types of data, including the evolutionary or "phylogenetic" tree that depicts how species are related to each other, and the DNA sequences and relative positions of genes along the genome.
Perhaps most importantly, the method does not tackle the problem of gene origins in one fell swoop, as has typically been done, but rather breaks it into discrete, more manageable bits. Instead of treating all species at once, SYNERGY first focuses on a pair of the most recently evolved species -- those at the outer branches of the tree -- and works, two-by-two, toward the more ancestral species that comprise the roots.
From this analysis, Regev and her colleagues were able to identify a set of core principles that govern gene duplication in fungi. The findings begin to paint a picture of how new genes are groomed over hundreds of millions of years of evolution.
The study was supported by grants from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences.
Note: This story has been adapted from a news release issued by Massachusetts Institute Of Technology.

Fausto intilla

www.oloscience.com